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EXPLAINER: What is cereulide, the toxin suspected in recalled baby formula?

Nestle, Danone, and Lactalis recall infant formula over contamination fears linked to the heat-stable toxin cereulide. The bacterium, found in improperly handled food, can cause nausea, vomiting, and in rare cases, severe illness.”

Sybille de La Hamaide/Reuters

January 26, 2026

FILE PHOTO: The logo of Lactalis Group is seen at the entrance of the French dairy group Lactalis headquarters in Laval, France September 26, 2024.

Stephane Mahe/Reuters

Major dairy companies, including industry giants Nestle NESN.S and Danone DANO.PA and privately held Lactalis, have issued precautionary recalls of infant milk powder over concerns it may be contaminated with the toxin cereulide.

WHAT IS CEREULIDE?

Cereulide is a toxin made by some strains of the common bacteria Bacillus cereus, which is widespread in the environment and in raw food materials.

WHERE IS IT FOUND?

It forms in food when bacteria multiply, usually because cooked food was left out too long at room temperature.

It is often found in rice that has been cooked and then cooled, earning the related illness the informal name of "fried rice syndrome."

However, it is also found in starchy food like pasta and potatoes, as well as dairy, seafood and vegetables if they are handled or stored poorly.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

People typically feel sick within 30 minutes to five hours after eating contaminated food. The main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting, sometimes accompanied by stomach cramps. Most people feel better within 24 hours. Severe but rare cases can include acute liver failure.

WHY DOES REHEATING NOT RESOLVE THE ISSUE?

Once cereulide is in food, normal cooking or reheating will not destroy it. The toxin is heat-stable, meaning it can survive temperatures that would usually kill bacteria.

HOW DOES IT END UP IN INFANT FORMULA?

Infant formula often includes oils containing arachidonic acid (ARA) to make it resemble breast milk. Bacillus cereus spores can survive in dry ingredients used for infant formula and, under certain conditions during ingredient handling or processing, may grow and produce cereulide.

Because the toxin is heat-stable, heat treatment will not destroy it, allowing it to remain in the finished formula.

DOES IT AFFECT OTHER FOOD?

If cooked food cools slowly or is kept warm for hours, Bacillus cereus can grow and produce cereulide. Big pots of rice or pasta, or dishes kept on a warm stove or buffet, are common risk points.

Danone, Nestle shares sink as baby formula recall widens Read full story

-Sybille de La Hamaide/Reuters